桑黄是一类珍稀食药用真菌，其子实体因受野生产量少、生长周期长等因素制约，使得桑黄子实体的开发和利用受到了限制。发酵菌丝体不仅可以有效代替子实体避免应用限制，而且同样富含多种活性成分。其中多糖类物质具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗炎、降血糖等功效，同时诸多研究表明桑黄多糖对糖尿病造成的威胁有缓解效果。2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes，T2DM）是全国公共卫生最严重的问题之一，随着城市化、老龄化和肥胖率的增加，T2DM 问题日益严重，给个人和社会带来繁重负担。其并发症如糖尿病心脏病是威胁病患生命的主要原因。相关治疗所用的化学合生成类药物副作用逐渐显现，通过膳食途径摄入有效且安全的抗糖尿病成分，对于T2DM及其并发症的管理具有重要意义。本研究旨在通过对比不同桑黄菌丝体的多糖含量，筛选出多糖含量最高的桑黄菌丝体；利用单因素试验和正交试验的方法对瓦尼桑黄（S. vaninii）培养基配方和培养条件进行优化，选出最适瓦尼桑黄菌丝体多糖生长的培养基；利用脲链佐菌素（Streptozotocin，STZ）结合高糖高脂饲料诱导的方法，构建了T2DM大鼠模型，从氧化应激、炎症以及肠道菌群这三个维度，探究瓦尼桑黄多糖对T2DM大鼠心脏的保护效果，为该食用菌的临床应用提供实验依据。本文主要研究结果如下：

瓦尼桑黄菌丝体多糖（Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharide，SHP）含量高于桑树桑黄和暴马桑黄的菌丝体多糖，也高于瓦尼桑黄子实体多糖。通过单因素与正交试验对瓦尼桑黄菌丝体培养基进行配方和培养条件的优化，结果表明最佳优化条件为：200 g/L马铃薯、0.5 g/L MgSO₄、1 g/L KH₂PO₄、20 g/L玉米粉、10 g/L黄豆粉、15% 麸皮水添加量、4% 接种量。

瓦尼桑黄多糖对T2DM大鼠的体重降低有明显缓解作用，并可以显著降低空腹血糖值及血清胰岛素水平，改善其葡萄糖耐量。瓦尼桑黄多糖随着剂量的增加，降低了血清总胆固醇（Total cholesterol, TC）、甘油三酯（Triglyceride, TG）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C）水平，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C）变化不明显，使胰腺的胰岛细胞数目明显增加，细胞更加完整。表明瓦尼桑黄多糖对胰腺具有保护作用，具有抗糖尿病的功能。

瓦尼桑黄多糖能够缓解由 T2DM 导致的心肌组织空泡化和断裂，心肌酶乳酸脱氢酶（Lactate dehydrogenase，LDH）活力下降极显著，减少 LDH 外溢；上调了T2DM 大鼠心肌中总超氧化物歧化酶（Total superoxide dismutase, SOD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase, CAT）活性，增强心肌抗氧化能力；抑制丙二醛（Malondialdehyde，MDA） 增加，减轻氧化应激损伤；抑制白介素-6（interleukin-6，IL-6）和白介素-1β（interleukin-1β，IL-1β）的水平，缓解由于炎症造成的损伤。起到保护心肌组织的作用，但在改善心肌组织炎症因子水平上效果不佳并呈现剂量依赖性。

4. 瓦尼桑黄多糖通过下调 unclassified_Desulfovibrionaceae 和 Blautia 相对丰度，上调 Akkermansia、Ruminococcus 和 [Ruminococcus]_torques_group 相对丰度改善患病大鼠的肠道菌群和肠道损伤。同时瓦尼桑黄多糖通过对肠道菌群的调节降低了脂多糖/内毒素（lipopolysaccharide，LPS） 和氧化三甲胺（trimethylamine oxide，TMAO）在血清中的含量减少氧化应激和炎症反应对心肌的伤害，起到保护心肌的作用。因此，本试验推测瓦尼桑黄多糖通过抑制 LPS、TMAO 的分泌来发挥对心肌组织的保护作用。

Sanghuangporus spp. is a rare edible and medicinal fungus, and its fruiting bodies are limited in development and utilization due to factors such as low wild yield and long growth cycles. Fermented mycelium not only effectively replaces fruiting bodies to avoid application limitations, but also contains a variety of active ingredients. Polysaccharides have antioxidant, anti-tumor, immune regulation, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and other effects. At the same time, many studies have shown that Sanghuangporus spp. polysaccharide can alleviate the threat of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is one of the most serious public health problems in China. With the increase of urbanization, aging and obesity rate, the problem of T2DM is becoming increasingly serious, which brings heavy burden to individuals and society. Its complications, such as diabetes and heart disease, are the main causes threatening the lives of patients. The side effects of chemosynthetic drugs used in related treatment are gradually emerging, and then obtaining effective and safe anti diabetes ingredients from diet has significant significance for T2DM and diabetes heart disease. Therefore, this study compared the polysaccharide content of different Sanghuangporus spp. mycelium and selected the Sanghuangporus spp. mycelium with the highest polysaccharide content; used single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments to optimize the formula of Sanghuangporus vaninii (S. vaninii) culture medium, and selected the most suitable culture medium for the growth of S. vaninii mycelium polysaccharides(SHP); A T2DM rat model was induced by STZ (Streptozotocin, STZ) and high sugar and high-fat diet. The protective effects of SHP on the heart of T2DM rats were clarified from three directions: oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota, providing experimental evidence for the clinical application of this edible mushroom. The main research and results of this article are as follows:

Polysaccharide content in the mycelium of S. vaninii is higher than that of Sanghuangporus sanghuang and Sanghuangporus buamii, and also higher than that of polysaccharides in the fruiting body of S. vaninii. The formula and cultivation conditions of S. vaninii mycelium culture medium were optimized through single factor and orthogonal experiments, and the results showed that the optimal conditions were: 200 g/L potato, 0.5 g/L MgSO4, 1 g/L KH2PO4, 20 g/L corn flour, 10 g/L soybean flour, 15% bran water, 4% inoculation.

2. SHP have a significant alleviating effect on weight loss in T2DM rats, and can significantly reduce fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels, improving their glucose tolerance . As the dosage increased, SHP reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, whereas no significant changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), resulting in a significant increase in the number of pancreatic islet cells and a more complete cell. The results showed that the SHP had protective effect on pancreas and anti diabetes function.

3. SHP can alleviate myocardial tissue vacuolization and rupture caused by T2DM, and the activity of myocardial enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) decreases significantly , reducing LDH overflow; Upregulated the activities of Total Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) in the myocardium of T2DM rats , enhancing myocardial antioxidant capacity; Inhibiting the increase of MDA and alleviating oxidative stress damage; Inhibition of IL-6 and IL-1 β. At a certain level, it can alleviate damage caused by inflammation. It has a protective effect on myocardial tissue, but its effect on improving the level of inflammatory factors in myocardial tissue is not satisfactory and shows a dose-dependent effect.

4. SHP improve the gut microbiota and intestinal injury of diseased rats by downregulating the relative abundance of unclassified Desulfovibrionaceae and Blautia, and upregulating the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, and [Ruminococcus] torques_group. At the same time, SHP reduce the levels of LPS and TMAO in serum by regulating the gut microbiota, reducing the damage of oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions to the myocardium, and playing a protective role in the myocardium. Therefore, this article speculates that SHP exert a protective effect on myocardial tissue by inhibiting the secretion of LPS and TMAO.

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